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MEDICINE. The leader of the Pittsburgh team, Dr. P.G. Katsoyannis, here sits with LIFE’s schematic model of the components of synthetic insulin. The insulin molecule is represented by the wavy structure immediately above his head. Insulin is made up of two chains of amino acids, the building blocks of all living matter, represented by the colored balls. The steps to building the shorter or A chain are represented by the rectangular sequence at top. The build-up of the longer B chain is symbolized by the complex linkings below the insulin molecule. The Pittsburgh synthesis required over 200 delicate steps and five years to achieve. First Man-made Protein in History. The billiard player’s nightmare above is in fact a schematic model of a biochemist’s dream, with a happy ending. The model represents the intricate steps by which a protein has been synthesized for the first time. The protein is insulin and the difficult feat was achieved almost simultaneously by a team in Germany and one in the U.S. – at the University of Pittsburgh. Insulin is produced by the pancreas gland to aid in the conversion of sugar to body energy. A person whose pancreas does not produce enough of it suffers from diabetes. Up to now pancreases of animals have been the only source of insulin used for treatment of diabetics. The synthesis does not immediately create a new source of therapeutic insulin, although this indeed may happen. It does open significant areas of research and the possibility that a factory may one day be able to make more effective insulin than a pancreas.

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F. Netter M.D. The position of the pituitary gland within the skull showing relations to the sphenoidal sinus, etc. Insert shows detail of gland as it rests within the sella turcica–note membranes.

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How HGH made one dwarf tall. One of the most striking cases of growth stimulated by injections of HGH is shown in these pictures of Frank Hooey. Above, prior to the treatment, Frank—then 15 and only 4’3” tall—stood next to a six–foot sergeant at Royal Canadian Air Force camp. Below, at 23, Franks stands in the kitchen doorway while his father records his new height—5’ 6 ½”.

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Grow Young With HGH. THE AMAZING MEDICALLY PROVEN PLAN TO: Lose Fat, Build Muscle, Reverse the Effects of Aging, Strengthen the Immune System, Improve Sexual Performance, Lower Blood Pressure and Cholesterol. BASED ON CUTTING-EDGE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. Dr. Ronald Klatz, President, American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine. WITH CAROL KAHN

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MY LITTLE BROTHER ON DRUGS. Last July, 9–year–old Alex Everett received his first shot of synthetic human growth hormone—an injection he’ll get every night for eight years. Alex isn’t sick—he’s short. Should we be treating stature as a medical condition? By Jenny Everett. PHOTOGRAPHS BY JOHN B. CARNETT

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Thanks to PENICILLIN…He Will Come Home! FROM ORDINARY MOLD—the Greatest Healing Agent of this War! On the gaudy, green–and–yellow mold above, called Penicillium notatum in the laboratory, grows the miraculous substance first discovered by Professor Alexander Fleming in 1928. Named penicillin by its discoverer, it is the most potent weapon ever developed against many of the deadliest infections known to man. Because research on molds was already a part of Schenley enterprise, Schenley Laboratories were well able to meet the problem of large–scale production of penicillin, when the great need for it arose. When the thunderous battles of this war have subsided to pages of silent print in a history book, the greatest news event of World War II may well be the discovery and development—not of some vicious secret weapon that destroys—but of a weapon that saves lives. That weapon, of course, is penicillin. Every day, penicillin is performing some unbelievable act of healing on some far battlefront. Thousands of men will return home who otherwise would not have had a chance. Better still, more and more of this precious drug is now available for civilian use…to save the lives of patients of every age. A year ago, production of penicillin was difficult, costly. Today, due to specially–devised methods of mass–production, in use by Schenley Laboratories, Inc. and the 20 other firms designated by the government to make penicillin, it is available in ever–increasing quantity, at progressively lower cost. Listen to “THE DOCTOR FIGHTS” starring RAYMOND MASSEY. Tuesday evenings, C.B.S. See your paper for time and station. SCHENLEY LABORATORIES, INC. Lawrenceburg, Indiana. Producers of PENICILLIN–Schenley

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ABOUT PENICILLIN From Algiers comes this report by the Allied Medical Congress: “There never has been a therapeutic agent to compare with penicillin in its usefulness against a wide variety of diseases, including pneumonia, bone infections, syphilis, and a host of other infectious ‘ills’.” More than one hundred times as much penicillin is being made today as there was a year ago—and the cost has been reduced 84 percent. Remarkable changes have occurred in the method of manufacture since penicillin was first made at the Squibb Laboratories in 1940. Bottles once used for growing the mold have been replaced by huge tanks several stories high. Production time has been cut from two weeks to three days. Military needs come first, but production is now great enough to provide limited amounts of penicillin for civilian use. The House of Squibb is proud to have shared in the development of this new medicinal agent that now is man’s greatest defender against bacterial enemies. Through a microscope the fibres and spores of Penicillium notatum look like this. Growing in la liquid medium, this mold gives out golden droplets rich in penicillin—but the liquid must be concentrated over 30,000 times to obtain penicillin. The Squibb Laboratories were the first to obtain crystals of Penicillin Sodium from the natural product. New Squibb Penicillin Building. Giant tanks have replaced the glass bottles in which penicillin once grew so slowly. Instead of a few pounds, now over a ton of mold is grown each day, making possible a great increase in the production of penicillin. Unusual care maintains purity. Workers package penicillin in air–conditioned rooms, with ultraviolet lights to sterilize the air. For over two years, Squibb has been producing penicillin for the National Research Council and for the armed forces. Today, through designated hospitals, physicians can apply for the quantity of penicillin they need to treat infections. SQUIBB A name you can trust 7

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A handful of earth that may save your life This scene might have happened anywhere in the world — a wilderness in Borneo, a plantation in Brazil, a sheep ranch in New Zealand, a back yard in the U.S.A. From this field comes one of thousands of soil samples sent year after year to our Parke–Davis research laboratories. By using new microorganisms from these samples, we are trying to create antibiotics to combat the uncontrolled infectious diseases still rampant. For example, in one year, Parke–Davis scientists isolated and worked with 34,000 cultures of microorganisms. With these, they produced a few antibiotics which came excitingly close to meeting our exacting standards of acceptability, but none made the grade. Perhaps 34,000 to 0 seem like poor odds, but twice in recent years research work at Parke–Davis has beat these odds to provide antibiotics now used around the world. Parke–Davis frequently takes calculated risks. A miss doesn’t discourage us. Your health and your family’s health demand out continued efforts. Copyright 1962–Parke, Davis & Company, Detroit 32. Mich. PARKE–DAVIS …PIONEERS IN BETTER MEDICINES

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IN A CAGE IN PFIZER & CO.’S HATCHERY A SATIATED SUCKLING PIG, ITS EYES HALF CLOSED WITH SLEEP, STILL GREEDILY GUZZLES ITS SYNTHETIC SUPPER PIG’S PROGRESS Taken from sow soon after birth it thrives happily on a new diet The seven–day–old suckling, happily drinking artificial milk from an artificial sow, is taking part in the early stages of a major revolution in animal husbandry. Normally pig litters must be kept with sows until weaning time. During this period nearly a third of all pigs born die, either from undernourishment, disease or accidents. The artificial milk, newly produced by Chas. Pfizer & Co., contains all the nutrients a little pig needs and makes practicable for the first time the feeding of piglets from racks of bottles rather than their mothers’ teats. The milk also contains the antibiotic Terramycin, which accelerates pigs’ growth (p. 161). Taken from the mothers 48 hours after birth piglets can be raised safely and quickly on a hatchery scale, like chicks. This in turn could make possible a 25% increase in U.S. pork production.

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MEAT SERVES EVERYBODY This country isn’t just 48 states. This country is 40,000,000 families. As the vigor of mothers, fathers, boys and girls goes— so goes the vigor of our nation. the people… Meat is more than something to eat. It helps you hit the ball harder, run the race faster, do the thing better. It is paint that helps make cheeks rosy. It is fuel for endurance— for nerve— for fun— for strength. It helps the child to grow. It helps the man to work. It helps the woman to be at her best— the wife to have healthy children. It helps the older person to do and keep doing. Besides contributing to a diet that helps keep bodies strong, the meat industry is the source of dozens of vital medicinal products such as insulin, thyroid and pituitary extract that are essential to saving life, prolonging life and keeping people health. These products are used in diabetes, heart cases, shock, anemia, pregnancy and general surgery. the soil… You have seen the gullied, over—cropped and worn—out fields that dot our countrysides— and you’re seeing them brought back to fertility— and producing food at the same time— through new emphasis on livestock raising. Grass roots tie down the soil. Forage crops like clover and alfalfa help restore its fertility. the nation! The experts who calculate America’s real wealth know that the only things that count are those that can be put to use by people. We can’t eat grass, but meat animals convert the grass from vast range lands of the West into human food. They turn hay crops and feed grains— even waste products like sugar beet pulp— into nourishing meat. If Mother Nature produces more of almost any food crop than people want, livestock can convert that into meat, too. THE MEAT TEAM from Farm to Plant to Store America’s meat needs are served through the teamwork of ranchers and farmers, packers and retailers, backed up by the people who run the trains and trucks, who operate the nation’s stockyards— the commission men who sell the farmers’ livestock, the meat wholesalers and many others. Through their teamwork meat moves from farm to table at a lower service cost than almost any other food. AMERICAN MEAT INSTITUTE Headquarters, Chicago—Members throughout the U.S.

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How New York City’s Health Department Makes Serums and Vaccines for the United States Army Preparing the Bacteria In the preparation of typhoid vaccine the bacteria are grown in the bottles you see on the table. The germs are killed by pouring a salt solution over them. The bottle on the shelf contains the salt solution which is being siphoned into the bottle containing the colony of typhoid fever germs. Transferring the Bacilli Tetanus bacilli occur in dust, earth and manure. They do not grow in the presence of oxygen and are particularly dangerous if they get into deep wounds. The young lady in the photograph is drawing up tetanus bacilli from the bottom of a test tube be means of a glass tube which she holds in her mouth. Thus the germs are transferred from tube to tube. The Resultant Powerful Toxin Here the large flask is being inoculated with tetanus bacilli. The small wire basket at the right contains test tubes in which are the tetanus germs. The flame which you see just to the right of the flask which is being inoculated is kept burning so that any instrument may be immediately sterilized after exposure. The Final Step The finished product containing millions of dead typhoid fever bacilli is poured by means of a siphon into large bottles. The vaccine is kept in a refrigerator until it is needed for use. Note the milky appearance of the vaccine. A Glimpse into the “Shop” of the Laboratories This photograph shows the refrigerator in the Bacteriological Laboratories of the Department of Health of the City of New York, where serums, vaccines and anti–toxins are prepared for the use of the United States Army. Much of this material will be shipped to the front. In the containers and bottles which you see on the shelves is $150,000 worth of material. There is enough diphtheria antitoxin to treat 75,000 men, enough tetanus antitoxin for 200,000 men, enough smallpox vaccine for a half million men and enough antimeningococcus serum to treat 2,500 men suffering from cerebrospinal meningitis. Bleeding the Horse to Obtain the Serum After the horse has been inoculated with the disease poison in gradually increasing doses he is bled and his serum is found to be antitoxin. This is administered to human beings and renders them immune to the disease. The horses are kept in the pink of condition. At periodic intervals they are given a rest. During the rest periods they are turned out to grass. When thoroughly rested, they are inoculated again. Some horses give more antitoxin serum than others. The same horse may be used at several different times for the preparation of distinctly different antitoxins. Inoculating a Horse with Toxin One of the 73 horses in the stables of the Department of Health of the City of New York at Ctisville. This horse is being inoculated with diphtheria toxin. Small doses gradually increased render the horse immune to diphtheria. Horses are used in the preparation of diphtheria, tetanus antitoxin and antimeningococcus serum.

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SUBCUTANEOUS INOCULATION OF ANIMALS 237 In such a cylinder with its head toward the perforated bottom. It is then easily possible to make subcutaneous inoculation by taking up a bit of skin through the slit in the FIG. 42 The Voges–holder for guinea pigs. Side of the box, or to make the intraperitoneal injection by drawing the posterior extremities slightly from the box and holding them steady between the index and second finger, as seen in FIG. 42. It is also very convenient for use when the

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TREASURY DEPARTMENT PUBLIC HEALTH AND MARINE—HOSPITAL SERVICE, HYGENIC LABORATORY—Form No. 0007 ANIMAL RECORD CARD Subject: Diphtheria Lt Weight: 250 No. 1567 Operator: MyR Marks: (female symbol) Own raising Date: 1–25, 1905, 3pm t Date: 1–29, 1905, 5pm .22 02 Tox. *7 + 1 I.E. Ehrlich 15–11–05 Autopsy 1–30–05. 10 am Severe local reaction hemorrhage –Skin bound down by plastic exudate. Edema marked, extending to neck. No fluid in pleuras. Peritoneum normal. Adrenals infected and swollen. E.I.

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Animal no. 1 Sex: Gelding Age: 9 years Color: Gray Purchased: October 24, 1894 Cost: $5.00 Final Disposition: Died Jan 6, 1899 Notes: Died from hepatic hemorrhages secondary to amyloid changes in liver Injection 1897: Nov. 2 Toxin Used: 175_1/300 Bleeding 1897: Nov. 18 Product No. of Flasks: 4 Product Quantity C.C.: 2700 Date 1897: Nov. 26 Forwarded No. of Bottles: 1 Forwarded Quantity C.C.: 850 Injection 1897: Nov. 2 Toxin Used: 175_1/300 Bleeding 1897: Nov. 18 Product No. of Flasks: 4 Product Quantity C.C.: 2700 Date 1897: Nov. 26 Forwarded No. of Bottles: 1 Forwarded Quantity C.C.: 600 Injection 1897: Nov. 2 Toxin Used: 175_1/300 Bleeding 1897: Nov. 18 Product No. of Flasks: 4 Product Quantity C.C.: 2700 Date 1897: Dec. 2 Forwarded No. of Bottles: 2 Forwarded Quantity C.C.: 1250 Injection 1897: Dec. 5 Toxin Used: 200_1/300 Bleeding 1897: Dec. 16 Product No. of Flasks: 4 Product Quantity C.C.: 3255 Date 1897: Dec. 23, 30 Forwarded No. of Bottles: 4 Forwarded Quantity C.C.: 3255 1898 Injection 1897: Jan. 6 Toxin Used: 500_1/125 Bleeding 1897: Jan. 19 Product No. of Flasks: 4 Product Quantity C.C.: 2745 Date 1897: Feb. 15 Forwarded No. of Bottles: 4 Forwarded Quantity C.C.: 2745 Injection 1897: Feb. 6 Toxin Used: 350_1/300 Bleeding 1897: Feb. 18 Product No. of Flasks: 4 Product Quantity C.C.: 3280 Date 1897: Mar. 9 Forwarded No. of Bottles: 4 Forwarded Quantity C.C.: 3280 Injection 1897: Feb. 6 Toxin Used: 350_1/300 Bleeding 1897: Mar. 2 Product No. of Flasks: 5 Product Quantity C.C.: 3535 Date 1897: Mar. 11 Forwarded No. of Bottles: 5 Forwarded Quantity C.C.: 3535 Injection 1897: Apr. 1 Toxin Used: 600_1/200 Bleeding 1897: Apr. 9 Product No. of Flasks: 3 Product Quantity C.C.: 2160 Date 1897: Apr. 11, May 25 Forwarded No. of Bottles: 3 Forwarded Quantity C.C.: 2160 Injection 1897: Apr. 1 Toxin Used: 600_1/200 Bleeding 1897: Apr. 19 Product No. of Flasks: 3 Product Quantity C.C.: 2330 Date 1897: May 13 Forwarded No. of Bottles: 3 Forwarded Quantity C.C.: 2330 Injection 1897: Apr. 1 Toxin Used: 600_1/200 Bleeding 1897: May 11 Product No. of Flasks: 4 Product Quantity C.C.: 3305 Date 1897: June 11 Forwarded No. of Bottles: 4 Forwarded Quantity C.C.: 3305 Injection 1897: Oct. 30 Toxin Used: 600_1/200 Bleeding 1897: Nov. 10 Product No. of Flasks: 2 Product Quantity C.C.: 895 Date 1897: Dec. 8 Forwarded No. of Bottles: 2 Forwarded Quantity C.C.: 895 Injection 1897: Nov. 13 Toxin Used: 700_1/200 Bleeding 1897: Nov. 23 Product No. of Flasks: 5 Product Quantity C.C.: 3570 Date 1897: Dec. 9 Forwarded No. of Bottles: 5 Forwarded Quantity C.C.: 3570 Injection 1897: Dec. 5 Toxin Used: 800_1/200 Bleeding 1897: Dec. 14 Product No. of Flasks: 4 Product Quantity C.C.: 2575 Date 1897: Jan 12, 17, 1899 Forwarded No. of Bottles: 4 Forwarded Quantity C.C.: 2575

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Paris France March 1, 1887 This Filter was invented in my laboratory where its great usefulness is put to test every day. Knowing its full scientific and hygenic value, I wish it to bear my name. L. Pasteur.