Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of lymph tissue. Lymph tissue is found in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and other sites.
Causes
The cause of Hodgkin lymphoma is not known. Hodgkin lymphoma is most common among people 15 to 35 years old and 50 to 70 years old. Past infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is thought to contribute to some cases. People with HIV infection are at increased risk compared to the general population.
Exams and Tests
Your provider will perform a physical exam and check body areas with lymph nodes to feel if they are swollen.
![Hodgkin's disease - liver involvement Hodgkin's disease - liver involvement](http://medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/fullsize/2552.jpg)
The disease is diagnosed based on a biopsy of abnormal tissue, usually a lymph node.
![Lymphoma, malignant - CT scan Lymphoma, malignant - CT scan](http://medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/fullsize/1186.jpg)
The following procedures will usually be done:
- Blood chemistry tests including liver function tests, kidney function tests, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- Bone marrow biopsy
- CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis
- Complete blood count (CBC) to check for anemia and white blood count
- PET scan
If tests show that you have Hodgkin lymphoma, more tests may be done to see how far the cancer has spread. This is called staging. Staging helps guide treatment and follow-up.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the following:
- The type of Hodgkin lymphoma
- The stage (where the disease has spread)
- Your age and other medical issues
- Other factors, including whether you have weight loss, night sweats, and fever
You may receive chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both, or immunotherapy. Your provider can tell you more about your specific treatment.
High-dose chemotherapy may be given when Hodgkin lymphoma returns after treatment or does not respond to the first treatment. This is followed by a stem cell transplant that uses your own stem cells.
Blood transfusions or platelet transfusions may be required if blood counts are low.
You and your provider may need to manage other concerns during your lymphoma treatment, including:
Support Groups
You can ease the stress of illness by joining a cancer support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences can help you not feel alone.
Outlook (Prognosis)
Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers. A cure is even more likely if it is diagnosed and treated early. Unlike many other cancers, Hodgkin lymphoma is also very curable in its late stages.
You will need to have regular exams for years after your treatment. This helps your provider check for signs of the cancer returning and for any long-term treatment effects.
Possible Complications
Treatments for Hodgkin lymphoma can have complications. Long-term complications of chemotherapy or radiation therapy include:
- Bone marrow diseases (such as leukemia)
- Heart disease
- Inability to have children (infertility)
- Lung problems
- Other cancers
- Thyroid problems
Keep following up with a provider who knows about monitoring and preventing these complications.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your provider if:
- You have symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma
- You have Hodgkin lymphoma and you have side effects from the treatment
Alternative Names
Lymphoma - Hodgkin; Hodgkin disease; Hodgkin lymphoma; Hodgkin's lymphoma
References
Bartlett N, Triska G. Hodgkin lymphoma. In: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Kastan MB, Doroshow JH, Tepper JE, eds. Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 102.
National Cancer Institute website. Hodgkin lymphoma treatment (PDQ) - health professional version. www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/hp/adult-hodgkin-treatment-pdq. Updated April 18, 2024. Accessed August 15, 2024.
National Cancer Institute website. Childhood Hodgkin lymphoma treatment (PDQ) - health professional version. www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/hp/child-hodgkin-treatment-pdq. Updated April 30, 2024. Accessed August 15, 2024.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network website. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma. Version 3.2024. www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/hodgkins.pdf. Updated March 18, 2024. Accessed July 17, 2024.
Review Date 2/2/2023
Updated by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Monsey, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Internal review and update on 07/17/2024 by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.