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Figure 1: The left illustration is a typical lateral pendulum impact simulation
of the whole model. The head, neck, shoulder, lower torso and extremities
were lumped to the adjacent regions of the spine and the upper three ribs.
The right illustration is a cross-sectional view of the model at the level
of lower sternum. It shows the skeletal components of the rib cage, the
left and the right lungs, the heart in the mediastinum, the descending
aorta, and the esophagus.
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Figure 2: Organs modeled in the mediastinum. These includes the heart,
which occupies most of the antero-inferior portion, and the tubular organs,
which run through the rest of this space.
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Figure 3: The force-time and the force-deflection curves of the model compared
with test data and corridors published by Viano (1989) for a pendulum impact
speed of 4.4 m/s.
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Figure 4: The force-time and the force-deflection curves of the model compared
with test data and corridors published by Viano (1989) for a pendulum impact
speed of 6.5 m/s.
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Figure 5: The compression and surface velocity of the lung at the four
impact speeds used.
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Figure 6: Percentage compression for the heart at the four impact speeds used.
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Figure 7: The relative displacements of the attachments at either end of
the ligamentum arteriosum at the four impact speeds used. This serves as
a measure of the deformation experienced by the ligament.
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Figure 8: The average shear stresses at the isthmus of aorta at the four
impact speeds used. This serves as a measure of the extent of aortic twisting
and the distortion along the coronal plane by the impacts.
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