ExhibitionBoundary Crossing / 1818
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![Scientists experimenting on headless ox cadaver and its head with electrical equipment.](img/OB8025_med.jpg)
3. An Account of the Late Improvements in Galvanism, 1803
Illustration from An Account of the Late Improvements in Galvanism, 1803
Author: Giovanni Aldini (1762–1834)
Courtesy National Library of Medicine
In London in 1803, Italian physician Giovanni Aldini administered electrical current to the ears and nose of a recently beheaded ox.