From DNA to Beer

Thanks to PENICILLIN … He Will Come Home!

FROM ORDINARY MOLD—the Greatest Healing Agent of this War!

On the gaudy, green-and-yellow mold above, called Penicillium notatum in the laboratory, grows the miraculous substance first discovered by Professor Alexander Fleming in 1928. Named penicillin by its discoverer, it is the most potent weapon ever developed against many of the deadliest infections known to man. Because research on molds was already a part of Schenley enterprise, Schenley Laboratories were well able to meet the problem of large-scale production of penicillin, when the great need for it arose.

When the thunderous battles of this war have subsided to pages of silent print in a history book, the greatest news event of World War II may well be the discovery and development—not of some vicious secret weapon that destroys—but of a weapon that saves lives. That weapon, of course, is penicillin.

Every day, penicillin is performing some unbelievable act of healing on some far battlefront. Thousands of men will return home who otherwise would not have had a chance. Better still, more and more of this precious drug is now available for civilian use…to save the lives of patients of every age.

A year ago, production of penicillin was difficult, costly. Today, due to specially-devised methods of mass-production, in use by Schenley Laboratories, Inc. and the 20 other firms designated by the government to make penicillin, it is available in ever-increasing quantity, at progressively lower cost.

Listen to “THE DOCTOR FIGHTS” starring RAYMOND MASSEY. Tuesday evenings, C.B.S. See your paper for time and station.

SCHENLEY LABORATORIES, INC.
Lawrenceburg, Indiana
Producers of PENICILLIN-Schenley

Page 1

Title page that reads “Yellow Magic: The Story of Penicillin by J. D. Ratcliff. Random House—New York”

Page 2

Photo of the outside of a penicillin plant featuring many cylindrical towers, tanks, and connecting pipes with caption text reading- “Penicillin, which started life as a laboratory curiosity, has grown into a giant industry. Over $20,000,000 has been spent on plants such as this.”

Page 3

Photo of eight conical Erlenmyer flasks containing Penicillium mold with caption text reading-“Microphotograph of fronds of Penicillium mold. The crinkled green mold growing in these flasks is Penicillium notatum, producer of penicillin. The magic drug is found in the broth on which the mold grows.”

Page 4

Photo of two hands holding a petri dish showing circular areas where penicillin killed bacterial growth with caption text reading-“Rings on the plate show where penicillin has destroyed microbes.”

Page 5

Photo of two people in gowns, hoods and face masks pour liquid from one large conical flask into another with caption text reading-“When mold growth is complete, the broth containing penicillin is harvested under rigidly aseptic conditions. Such necessary precautions account for penicillin’s high cost.”

Page 6

Photo of man in white gown holds a mouse while a woman injects penicillin into the mouses’s tail end with caption text reading-“Each batch of drug produced must be tested for impurities. These mice will tell whether the drug contains any toxic contaminants.”

Page 7

Photo of nine rabbits held in a long stockade style box. A woman in white lab coat holding a thermometer stands next to them with caption text reading-“Rabbits in this test tell whether penicillin contains any fever-producing impurities. If rabbit temperatures rise perceptibly the penicillin under test is discarded.”

Page 8

Photo of trays with small bottles on a large circular surface; workers are visible around the perimeter with caption text reading-“Finished penicillin must be bottled under conditions far more sterile than those prevailing in any operating room. Microbe-killing ultra-violet lamps shine on the workers in these pictures. The rooms are under slight pressure so that sterile air will leak out, instead of contaminated outside air leaking in.”

Page 9

Photo of an enlarged view of penicillin crystals with caption text reading-“This picture shows pure, crystalline penicillin, produced at enormous cost. Study of such crystals will give chemists clues about making the drug synthetically.”

Cover page (Page 1) Journal of the AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION

Pharmaceutical booklet cover with a photograph of a vial and graphic illustrations of drug stores.

VOL. VI, NO. 4
1945

Journal of the AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION

[Cover image shows a medicine bottle with labeled “Penicillin Sodium” with line drawing of three buildings with the sign “DRUGS” on each.]

Practical Pharmacy Edition

PENICILLIN ISSUE

[A label on the left side reads, “To be kept in LABORATORY, Rouse’s Drug Store, Beaver, PA, PHONE 1066]

Pages 2-3: Abbot Advertisement

Pharmaceutical advertisement with photographs of factories, physicians, vials and packaging.

NOW Released for Distribution Through Prescription Pharmacies Penicillin, Abbott

Views of Abbott’s great new Penicillin plant in North Chicago

Backed by the force of the Abbott nation-wide program of detailing

Advertising of Penicillin, Abbott, to physicians now greatly increased

Selling helps designed to increase profits and enhance your prestige

A LEADER IN PENICILLIN RESEACH AND PRODUCTION

Stock, Feature and Push PENICILLIN, ABBOTT, NOW Because—

1. You will gain both profit and professional prestige by being among the first to distribute this dramatic life-saving drug in your community.

2. Penicillin, Abbott, is backed by more than three years of research, d development and manufacturing experience in this important field by one of America’s foremost makers of ethical research products for medicinal use- a manufacture whose name is your guarantee of immediate and maximum physician acceptance.

3. Specification and preference for Penicillin, Abbott, are now being created by one of the most effective detailing organization in the county.

4. Penicillin, Abbott, has been advertised in the United States for more than a year and a half.

5. Advertising of Penicillin, Abbott, to physicians is now stepped up to truly major scale.

6. You are given, free of charge, immediate, direct and effective aid in channeling professional demand for Penicillin to your pharmacy.

First, with your initial order for Penicillin, Abbott, your will be supplied, upon request, thirty bulletin cards, printed on Government postals and imprinted with your store name and address, all ready for mailing to physicians in your neighborhood of community, to tell them that you have the Abbott brand of this important drug in stock for their needs.

Second, with your initial order, you are supplied with the beautiful, prestige-building counter or hanging sign illustrated at the lower left—a sign which emphasizes your importance as a professional man who is abreast of the most recent medical advances.

Order at once through your usual source of supply. Mention the sign and bulletin cards if you’d like them, giving imprint copy for the latter. Penicillin, Abbott, is supplied in cartons of five 20-cc. rubber-capped vials, each containing 100,000 Oxford units of Penicillin and one 20-cc. vial of sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution, U.S.P., to be used as a solvent. We suggest that about one-third of your total order be for the Combination Packages—And that you act immediately.

A product with a brand name which assures wide physician acceptance.

Abbott Laboratories – North Chicago, Illinois

Pages 4-5: Commercial Solvent Advertisement

Pharmaceutical advertisement with photographs of factories, scientists in a laboratory, physicians, vials and packaging.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION
WHY IT WILL PAY YOU TO SELL

Penicillin-C.S.C.-made in one of the world’s largest plants, equipped for foremost efficacy and integrity of production – is backed by 25 years of research and experience in large-scale manufacture by microbiotic procedures.

It is assayed, bacteriologically as well as biologically, to safeguard its potency, sterility, nontoxicity, and freedom from fever-inducing pyrogens.

The high state of purification reached by Penicillin-C.S.C. is indicated by the notably small amount of substance required in the vial to present 100,000 Oxford Units. It assures high therapeutic efficacy and virtual freedom from the undesirable reactions attributed by many investigators to inadequate purification. The enormous production of Penicillin-C.S.C.—fully 800,000 vials of 100,000 Oxford Units each per month – assures you of adequate supply. Your orders will not be “shorted.”

1. Vial Filling; note precautions used.

2. Drying Penicillin-C.S.C. under high vacuum.

3. Vial sealing and capping.

4. Testing for nontoxicity.

Mention the Journal of the A. Ph. A. when writing advertisers—It identifies you.

ADVERTISERS’ SECTION
PENICILLIN-C.S.C
Preferentially

No other penicillin has been so widely promoted to the medical profession, in a long list of medical journals, by mail, and through helpful scientific literature.

Every physician knows Penicillin-C.S.C. and ranks it high. There will be no “sales resistance” when you offer it preferentially.

No need of a large stock for you; your wholesaler is supplied, and will always be able to replenish your stock quickly.

Make your pharmacy a “library of information” on penicillin by writing us for your copies of the three pieces here shown – the Penicillin-C.S.C. Reporter, presenting abstracts of latest publications, the Penicillin-C.S.C. Therapeutic Reference Table, and a comprehensive brochure.

PHARMACEUTICAL DIVISION
COMMERCIAL SOLVENTS Corporation
17 East 42nd Street New York 17, N.Y.

The combination package provides two vials – one containing 100,000 Oxford Units of Penicillin-C.S.C., the other 20 cc. of pyrogen-free normal saline solution.

Mention the Journal of the A. Ph. A. when writing advertisers—It identifies you.

Page 6: Heyden Advertisement

Pharmaceutical advertisement with vials and packaging.

PENICILLIN-Heyden

The package illustrated is supplied to the Armed Forces and for direct export, Distributors of Heyden Penicillin in the United States sell under their own labels.

A pioneer producer of Penicillin, Heyden is proud to announce the position it has achieved through the efforts of the combined Heyden scientific and technical staffs.

Industrial fermentation processes have been a subject of close study by the Heyden research organization over a long period of years.

Benefits accruing from this work have contributed materially in the production of Penicillin.

Commercial production began early in 1944, following active participation in the Research Program sponsored by the Office of Scientific Research and Development and the War Production Board.

Heyden is now a leading producer of Penicillin, Penicillin Sodium-Heyden has been accepted by the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association.

Over and above the needs of the Armed Forces, a substantial percentage of the Penicillin production is now made available for civilian use through distributors of the Heyden product.

Penicillin for research use is supplied direct from Heyden to the user. As a service to research laboratories and the industries, an efficient consulting staff is available for discussion of new applications of Penicillin and its derivatives.

HEYDEN Chemical Corporation
393 Seventh Avenue, New York 1, N.Y.
Benzaldehye, Benzoates, Benzoic Acid, Benzyl Chloride, xx, xx, Medicinal Creosotes, Formates, Formaldehyde, Formic Acid, Glycerophosphates, Medicinal Guaiocols, xx, xx, Parahydroxybenzoates, Penicillin, Pentaerythritols, Salicylates

Page 7: Parke-Davis Advertisement

Pharmaceutical advertisement with graphic wooden sign post.

ADVERTISERS’ SECTION

IX

PENICILLIN IS NOW AVAILABLE IN PINE CREEK

Yes…and in Paterson, Portland, Pittsburgh and Pocatello… for this new antibiotic is now being distributed through the same channels which make other Parke-Davis prescription products available to the physicians and pharmacists of the country. In the short space of five years Penicillin has developed from a mold on a petri dish in a London laboratory to a package on the shelves of the prescription rooms of fifty odd thousand retail pharmacies throughout the United States.

To the triumphs of Fleming and Florey must be added the genius of American pharmaceutical production which rapidly developed the means and methods of mass manufacture in sufficient quantity to meet first, the needs of the armed forces; next, the demands of critical civilian cases; then, to supply limited quantities to selected hospitals throughout the country, and finally to release Penicillin for general distribution.

Physicians may now prescribe… and pharmacists dispense…

PENICILLIN

PARKE-DAVIS

PARKE, DAVIS & COMPANY

DETROIT 32, MICHIGAN

Mention the Journal of the A. Ph. A. when writing advertisers—It identifies you.

Page 8: Squibb Advertisement

Pharmaceutical advertisement with a graphic of a wax seal for penicillin.

ADVERTISERS’ SECTION

XIII

PENICILLIN…PENICILLIN…PENICILLIN…PENICILLIN…

RELIABILITY, UNIFORMITY, PURITY, EFFICACY, E.R. SQUIBB & SONS

Now that you can stock penicillin…

What brand will your doctors want?

There are many sound reasons why physicians will specify Penicillin Squibb. A pioneer in penicillin research, Squibb was one of the three original American companies to receive the first Oxford culture from England in 1940. From that day, Squibb has been identified with every landmark in penicillin development from petri dish to mass production in fifteen-thousand-gallon fermentation tanks. That is why Squibb not only stands in the first rank of the world’s largest penicillin producers, but also makes a penicillin unexcelled for potency, purity and dependability.

For 87 years, the name Squibb has meant fine pharmaceuticals- products physicians can trust. Every single vial of Penicillin Squibb is made by Squibb, under rigid Squibb control, by methods perfected in the Squibb Development and Manufacturing Laboratories. You will have many calls for Penicillin Squibb. Place your orders now!

SQUIBB

Penicillin SODIUM

MANUFACTUING CHEMISTS TO THE MEDICAL PROFESSION SINCE 1858

Mention the Journal of the A. Ph. A. when writing advertisers—It identifies you.

Page 9: Upjohn Advertisement

Pharmaceutical advertisement with graphic of a building.

ADVERTISERS’ SECTION

XI

Penicillin Released

ON AND AFTER MARCH 15, PENICILLIN UPJOHN WILL BE AVAILABLE THROUGH THE USUAL DRUG CHANNELS.

Upjohn

KALAMAZOO 99, MICHIGAN

FINE PHARMACEUTICALS SINCE 1886

Mention the Journal of the A. Ph. A. when writing advertisers—It identifies you.

Page 10: Wyeth Advertisement

Pharmaceutical advertisement with photographs vials and packaging, and how to remove fluid with a needle.

ADVERTISERS’ SECTION

XV

Wyeth

REG. U.S. PAT. OFF.

THE WYETH

VIPULE

GIVES YOU

“Laboratory fresh”

PENICILLIN SOLUTION

The Vipule is a special glass container in which Penicillin, Wyeth, is reduced to a dry powder from the frozen state under high vacuum.

The flame-sealed Vipule container, exclusively Wyeth, provides prolonged protection of the delicate product against air, moisture, and other deleterious influences.

Unbroken, the Vipule retains the potency of the penicillin so effectively that it remains stable over long periods…a highly important feature with this sensitive antibiotic.

THE VIPULE provides a Closed-System technique for restoring penicillin into “LABORATORY FRESH” sterile solution.

THE WYETH VIPULE* PENICILLIN PACKAGE: The Closed- System Unit

One Vipule contains 100,000 Oxford units of Penicillin, Wyeth; the other Vipule containing the diluent (20 cc. of sterile, pyrogen-free normal saline solution) is fitted with double-pointed Vipule needle.

Solutions are prepared quickly without the aid of a syringe:

1. Snap the glass cap from the penicillin Vipule at the plainly visible etched groove. Turn down sleeve of rubber stopper over neck of Vipule.

2. Snap the cap from the Vipule with diluent to expose the free end of the double-pointed Vipule needle.

3. Invert vial portion of the diluent Vipule over the upright penicillin vial and push downward so that the ends of the needle penetrate both diaphragms.

The “Laboratory Fresh” Penicillin solution is now ready for withdrawal and administration.

*REG. U.S. PAT. OFF.

REICHEL DIVISION

WYETH INCORPORATED

PHILADELPHIA 3, PA.

Wyeth

Mention the Journal of the A. Ph. A. when writing advertisers—It identifies you.

A handful of earth that may save your life

This scene might have happened anywhere in the world – a wilderness in Borneo, a plantation in Brazil, a sheep ranch in New Zealand, a back yard in the U.S.A.

From this field comes one of thousands of soil samples sent year after year to our Parke-Davis research laboratories.

By using new microorganisms from these samples, we are trying to create antibiotics to combat the uncontrolled infectious diseases still rampant. For example, in one year, Parke-Davis scientists isolated and worked with 34,000 cultures of microorganisms. With these, they produced a few antibiotics which came excitingly close to meeting our exacting standards of acceptability, but none made the grade.

Perhaps 34,000 to 0 seem like poor odds, but twice in recent years research work at Parke-Davis has beat these odds to provide antibiotics now used around the world.

Parke-Davis frequently takes calculated risks. A miss doesn’t discourage us. Your health and your family’s health demand out continued efforts.

Copyright 1962-Parke, Davis & Company, Detroit 32. Mich.

PARKE-DAVIS

…PIONEERS IN BETTER MEDICINES

IN A CAGE IN PFIZER & CO.’S HATCHERY A SATIATED SUCKLING PIG, ITS EYES HALF CLOSED WITH SLEEP, STILL GREEDILY GUZZLES ITS SYNTHETIC SUPPER

PIG’S PROGRESS

Taken from sow soon after birth it thrives happily on a new diet

The seven-day-old suckling, happily drinking artificial milk from an artificial sow, is taking part in the early stages of a major revolution in animal husbandry. Normally pig litters must be kept with sows until weaning time. During this period nearly a third of all pigs born die, either from undernourishment, disease or accidents. The artificial milk, newly produced by Chas. Pfizer & Co., contains all the nutrients a little pig needs and makes practicable for the first time the feeding of piglets from racks of bottles rather than their mothers’ teats. The milk also contains the antibiotic Terramycin, which accelerates pigs’ growth (p. 161). Taken from the mothers 48 hours after birth piglets can be raised safely and quickly on a hatchery scale, like chicks. This in turn could make possible a 25% increase in U.S. pork production.

MEAT SERVES EVERYBODY

This country isn’t just 48 states. This country is 40,000,000 families. As the vigor of mothers, fathers, boys and girls goes- so goes the vigor of our nation.

the people…

Meat is more than something to eat. It helps you hit the ball harder, run the race faster, do the thing better. It is paint that helps make cheeks rosy. It is fuel for endurance- for nerve- for fun- for strength. It helps the child to grow. It helps the man to work. It helps the woman to be at her best- the wife to have healthy children. It helps the older person to do and keep doing.

Besides contributing to a diet that helps keep bodies strong, the meat industry is the source of dozens of vital medicinal products such as insulin, thyroid and pituitary extract that are essential to saving life, prolonging life and keeping people health. These products are used in diabetes, heart cases, shock, anemia, pregnancy and general surgery.

the soil…

You have seen the gullied, over-cropped and worn-out fields that dot our countrysides- and you’re seeing them brought back to fertility- and producing food at the same time- through new emphasis on livestock raising. Grass roots tie down the soil. Forage crops like clover and alfalfa help restore its fertility.

the nation!

The experts who calculate America’s real wealth know that the only things that count are those that can be put to use by people. We can’t eat grass, but meat animals convert the grass from vast range lands of the West into human food. They turn hay crops and feed grains- even waste products like sugar beet pulp- into nourishing meat. If Mother Nature produces more of almost any food crop than people want, livestock can convert that into meat, too.

THE MEAT TEAM from Farm to Plant to Store

America’s meat needs are served through the teamwork of ranchers and farmers, packers and retailers, backed up by the people who run the trains and trucks, who operate the nation’s stockyards- the commission men who sell the farmers’ livestock, the meat wholesalers and many others. Through their teamwork meat moves from farm to table at a lower service cost than almost any other food.

AMERICAN MEAT INSTITUTE Headquarters, Chicago–Members throughout the U.S.