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Methods
Individual bones of the Male Visible Human were
outlined in sections of the pelvis (between slices 1731 and 1950). Masks
were created using Adobe Photoshop 3.0 on a Silicon Graphics system.
Masks were created for the individual bones so that three-dimensional
models of the individual components of the bony pelvis could be generated.
Similarly, all muscles present in pelvic sections (1731-1965) were outlined
for segmentation. Lastly, the male bladder, urethra, prostate and
ejaculatory ducts were segmented. The segmented 2D images were used
by a surface modeling tool [5]
to extract color 3D models of the anatomical structures. The visualization
tools not only preserve the detailed geometry of the models, but
also texture them in the true tissue color. The resulting visualizations
are of near-photographic quality.
Our initial three-dimensional images show all the
bones or muscles grouped together or in separation. We can link the 3D
models by merging their respective 2D segmentations before the final 3D
reconstruction takes place. Similarly we have generated three-dimensional
models of the bladder, prostate and urethra. These can be viewed in separation
or together. Since we have segmented all the individual bones
and muscles of the pelvis, we can generate three-dimensional models of
the individual bones and muscles in the future. Ultimately, three-dimensional
visualizations that allow disarticulation of the individual bony components
will be generated. Individual muscles can then be added to the bones to build the pelvic
anatomy.
We have generated multimedia tutorials to illustrate
the relationships of the bones and muscles of the pelvis and serve as prototypes
for the illustrations generated from the fully segmented Visible Human
data. Prototypes combined QuickTime movies and other 3D interactive
models of the bony pelvis with illustrations of the Pelvic/Perineal
structures. The illustrations were generated in Adobe Photoshop 5.0
and overlaid on the 3D images of the pelvic bone. Layers were created
and superimposed to recapitulate anatomical dissection. When the
individual muscles and other structures are separated from the Visible
Human Data we have segmented, they will be organized in a similar manner
to allow viewing from either the "inside-out" or "outside-in" as
demonstrated in our multimedia interactive.
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