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Lessons

  1. Lesson 1: Hippocratic Foundations

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    Students examine the biologically-focused foundational concepts and explanatory strategies of Western medicine first inscribed in the works of Hippocrates. Close

  2. Lesson 2: Late Ancient and Medieval Medical Views of Mind and Body

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    Students explore Hippocrates’ principal successor Galen among the late ancient medical writers, Galen’s departures from Hippocrates’ ideas on mind and body, and Avicenna's and Maimonides’ continuation of Galen’s approach among the medieval writers.Close

  3. Lesson 3: Mind and Body in Renaissance and Early Modern Medicine

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    Students look at the framework of medical belief and practice in the late 15th, 16th, and early 17th centuries and focuses on the persistence of older ways of thinking about the mind-body relationship despite certain new developments in medical science. Students also examine early modern court records for the contemporary lay perspective on “insanity.”Close

  4. Lesson 4: Mind and Body in Shakespeare and his Contemporaries

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    Students examine Shakespeare’s own ideas and compares them to those of his contemporaries, again focusing on the mind-body theme. Although there was great general continuity between ancient, medieval, and early modern ideas on both basic human biology and strategies for explaining disease symptoms, different authors sometimes chose to emphasize the mind or the body to different degrees.Close

  5. Lesson 5: Descartes and Aftermath

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    Students closely study Rene Descartes’s innovative philosophical ideas on mind-body dualism as a challenge to the beliefs about human behavior and disease causation commonly accepted in classical, medieval, and early modern medicine. Students also look at the impact of Descartes’s ideas on medicine in the late 17th and 18th century and beyond.Close

  6. Lesson 6: The Modern Era

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    Students explore broad themes in the development of modern medicine from ca. 1800 to the present and concentrates on the general triumph of biological approaches to both physical and mental diseases in that period. The development of modern biologically-based psychiatric therapy for mood and behavioral disorders and mental illness underscores a parallel between ideas in our own time and many of the ideas in Shakespeare’s. This lesson also includes a list of topics and resources for students to take on research papers, small group presentations, or classroom debates.Close

  7. About the Author

Introduction

Author

Theodore M. Brown is Professor Emeritus of History and of Medical Humanities at the University of Rochester. His research falls into several areas: the history of U.S. and international public health; the history of U.S. health policy; and the history of mind-body medicine. He is a Contributing Editor (History) of the American Journal of Public Health and Editor of Rochester Studies in Medical History, a book series of the University of Rochester Press. He co-edited and substantially co-authored Making Medical History: The Life and Times of Henry E. Sigerist (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997) and, with Anne-Emanuelle Birn, published an edited collection of essays, Comrades in Health: American Health Internationalists, Abroad and at Home (Rutgers University Press, 2013). He also is a co-author of The Quest for Health Reform: A Satirical History, a history of health reform in the United States as seen in political cartoons (American Public Health Association, 2013). Dr. Brown continues to work on a number of projects, including a co-authored history of the World Health Organization.

Dr. Brown has published and lectured widely on the history of mind-body medicine. His work in this area includes: “Alan Gregg and the Rockefeller Foundation’s Support of Franz Alexander’s Psychosomatic Research” in Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 61 (1987); “Cartesian Dualism and Psychosomatics” in Psychosomatics 30 (1989); “Mental Diseases” in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine (London: Routledge, 1993); “George Canby Robinson and The Patient as a Person” in Greater Than the Parts: Holism in Biomedicine, 1920–1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998); Emotions and Disease (Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine, 1997); “The Rise and Fall of American Psychosomatic Medicine,” talk at New York Academy of Medicine, November 29, 2000; and “George Engel and Rochester’s Biopsychosocial Tradition: Historical and Developmental Perspectives” in The Biopsychosocial Perspective: Past, Present, Future (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2003).

Suggested Use
The Changing Explanations in Mind-Body Medicine class resource can be used to support undergraduate classes in the history of medicine, in intellectual and cultural history, and in the history of philosophy. It can also be used in conjunction with courses on medicine in literature. Courses in the history of medicine can incorporate all or parts of this class resource in their lectures and class discussions. Because the mind-body theme is often neglected in most medical history courses, much of this material would be supplementary or complementary to other course materials. For courses in intellectual and cultural history and on medicine in literature, the emphasis could be placed on the medical contexts in which familiar mind-body themes also appeared. The bibliography provided in Lesson 6 offers further readings on a variety of topics for the interested student or teacher, as well as background sources for the suggested projects and paper topics.